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king jr

Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. His grandfather began the family’s long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor. Martin Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he received the B. A. degree in 1948 from Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro institution of Atlanta from which both his father and grandfather had graduated. After three years of theological study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was elected president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the B.D. in 1951. With a fellowship won at Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at Boston University, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953 and receiving the degree in 1955. In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott, a young woman of uncommon intellectual and artistic attainments. Two sons and two daughters were born into the family.

In 1954, Martin Luther King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Always a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation. He was ready, then, early in December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate. The boycott lasted 382 days. On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme Court of the United States had declared unconstitutional the laws requiring segregation on buses, Negroes and whites rode the buses as equals. During these days of boycott, King was arrested, his home was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse, but at the same time he emerged as a Negro leader of the first rank.

In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi. In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and action; and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles. In these years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience. and inspiring his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, a manifesto of the Negro revolution; he planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters; he directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he delivered his address, “l Have a Dream”, he conferred with President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure.

At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.

On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated.

The ECE department of Cebu Institute of Technology produces ECE top notchers for years now…  Rizaldo B. Fuentes is the new C.I.T. top placer for the last board exam that was held last October…  Congratulations to all ECE faculty especially to the dean Mrs. Sussana Tan for the job well done… My classmate also pass the board exam Engr. Melton Romarate god has given to him his graces…. congrats to all ECE who pass the board exam especially to Technologians…. For the results link HERE

HARDDISK

What Is a Hard Disk?
A hard disk or drive is the part of your computer responsible for long-term storage of information. Unlike volatile memory (often referred to as RAM) which loses its stored information once its power supply is shut off, a hard disk stores information permanently, allowing you to save programs, files, and other data. Hard disks also have much greater storage capacities than RAM.

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MAYA CIVILIZATION

The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD), many Maya cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world. This was said by WIKIPEDIA website but what really happen to them???? this is the question that many people asking, if you ask me i thought they where crushed by a comet that or something but hey! I read one article and interest me and I wanna share it with you… What happen really to the MAYA Civilization???? hmmmmm

Central America was home to the Maya Civilization for more than 1,200 years. A vibrant culture, the Mayans lived in cities so densely packed, that they resembled modern-day metropolises such as Los Angeles. The civilization peaked around 900 AD, when everything seemed to be going well. All of a sudden, their culture and, indeed, themselves, disappeared, hinting at one of the worst demographic disasters in the history of the world. Now, experts believe they may have found a reason why. Veteran archaeologist Tom Sever seems to believe that the Mayans did it to themselves. PhD student Robert Griffin explains, “The Maya are often depicted as people who lived in complete harmony with their environment. But like many other cultures before and after them, they ended up deforesting and destroying their landscape in efforts to eke out a living in hard times.” The NASA-funded investigation revealed that a large drought had ensued in the age when records point that the civilization began to crumble and disappear, PhysOrg reports.
In spite of their reputation, archaeological evidence convinced experts that the Maya Civilization in fact deforested large swaths of land near their settlements, for three main reasons: to make way for more farm lands, so as to grow corn for an ever-expanding population; to obtain firewood; and for construction materials. “They had to burn 20 trees to heat the limestone for making just 1 square meter of the lime plaster they used to build their tremendous temples, reservoirs, and monuments,” Sever adds.

The team resorted to computer models in order to get a better picture of what the effects of deforestation might have been. “We modeled the worst and best case scenarios: 100 percent deforestation in the Maya area and no deforestation. The results were eye opening. Loss of all the trees caused a 3-5 degree rise in temperature and a 20-30 percent decrease in rainfall,” the expert says. “We believe that drought was realized differently in different areas. We propose that increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall brought on by localized deforestation caused serious enough problems to push some but not all city-states over the edge,” Griffin adds.

Sever notes the important contribution that NASA played in this research, by sharing that, “By interpreting infrared satellite data, we’ve located hundreds of old and abandoned cities not previously known to exist. The Maya used lime plaster as foundations to build their great cities filled with ornate temples, observatories, and pyramids. Over hundreds of years, the lime seeped into the soil. As a result, the vegetation around the ruins looks distinctive in infrared to this day. Space technology is revolutionizing archeology. We’re using it to learn about the plight of ancients in order to avoid a similar fate today.”

This article came from this site….

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History of Telecommunications

‘Telecommunication’ is a term coming from Greek and meaning ‘communication at distance’ through signals of varied nature coming from a transmitter to a receiver. In order to achieve effective communication, the choice of a proper mean of transport for the signal has played (and still plays) a fundamental role. In ancient times, the most common way of producing a signal would be through light (fires) and sound (drums and horns). However, those kinds communications were insecure and certainly left room to improvement as they did not permit message encryption nor a fast transmission of information on a large scale. The true ‘jump’ in terms of quality came with the advent of electricity. Electromagnetic energy, in fact, is able to transport information in an extremely fast way (ideally to the speed of light), in a way that previously had no equals in terms of costs reliability. Therefore, we may say that the starting point of all modern telecommunications was the invention of the electric cell by Alessandro Volta (1800). It was shortly thereafter that the first experiments on more advanced communication system begun. In 1809, Thomas S. Sommering proposed a telegraphic system composed of a battery, 35 wires (one for each letter and number) and a group of sensors made of gold, which were submerged in a water tank: when a signal was passing from one of those wires, electrical current would split water molecules, and small oxygen bubbles would be visible near that sensor. Many other experiments were soon to follow: Wheatstone, Weber and Karl Friedrich Gauss tried to further develop Sommering’s idea in a product that could be mass-distributed, but their efforts were without success.

For the next step we would have to wait until 1843, the year in which Samuel Morse proposed a way to assign each letter and number to a ternary code (point, line, and space). This way turned out to be extremely convenient and more affordable than Sommering’s idea, especially in terms of reduced circuitry (you wouldn’t need anymore a wire for each symbol). Meanwhile, technology became advanced enough to find a way to convert those signals in audible (or sometimes graphic) signals. The combination of these two factors quickly determined the success of Morse’s symbol code, which we can still find used today.

The system was further developed and improved in the following years by Hughes, Baudot, and Gray (1879), who theorized other possible codes (Gray’s code has still applications today in the ICT industry and in barcodes technology).

However, the telegraph could still be used just by trained personal and in certain buildings like offices, so it could only be used by a limited amount of people. Research of the time therefore took another direction and aimed at producing a machine that could transmit sounds, rather than just signals. The first big step in this direction was the invention of transducers which could transform an acoustic signal into an electric one and vice versa (microphone and receiver) with acceptable information loss, in 1850.

Seven years later, Antonio Meucci and Graham Bell independently managed to build a prototype of an early telephone (’sound at distance’) machine. Since Meucci didn’t have the money to patent his invention (the cost was $250 at the time), Bell managed to register it first.

Both with telegraphs and telephones, the need for a distributed and reliable communication network soon became evident. Routing issues were first solved by means of human operators and circuit commutation: the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) was born. However, this system didn’t guarantee the privacy and secrecy of conversations, and efforts towards the development of an automatic circuit commutation were made.

In 1899, Almon Strowger invented an electro-mechanic device simply known as ’selector’, which was directed by the electrical signals coming from the calling telephone device, achieved through selection based on geographical prefixes.

Many other innovations were soon to come:

• In 1985, Guglielmo Marconi invented the ‘wireless telegraph’ (radio);
• In 1920, valve amplifiers made their first appearance;
• In 1923, the television was invented;
• In 1947, the invention of transistors gave birth to the field of electronics;
• In 1958, the first integrated circuit was built;
• In 1969, the first microprocessor was invented.

With the last step, electronics becomes more than ever a fundamental part in the telecommunication world, at first in the transmission, and soon also in the field of circuit commutation.

Moreover, in 1946 the invention of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) starts the era of informatics. Informatics and telecommunications inevitably begun to interact, as it was to be expected: the first made fast data processing possible, while thanks to second the data could then be sent to a distant location.

The development of microelectronics and informatics radically revolutionized techniques both in telecommunication networks and performance requirements for the networks. Starting from 1938, an innovative technology called PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) started to grow more and more popular. This technology could achieve the digital transmission of a voice signal by digitally encoding and decoding, rather than by means of transducers: however, PCM was first used on a large scale only in 1962 in the United States (the so-called ‘T1′).

During the mid Sixties Paul Baran, a RAND Corporation employee working on communication problems concerning the US Air Force, first gave birth to the concept of ‘packet switching network’ rather than the conventional idea of circuit commutation network. According to this model, there should be no hierarchy in the nodes of a network, but each node should rather be connected to many others and be able to decide (and, in case of need, modify) the packet routing. Each packet is a bulk of data which consist of two main parts, a ‘header’ containing routing information and a ‘body’ containing the actual data.

In this context Vincent Cerf, Bob Kahn and others developed, starting from the 70s, the TCP/IP protocol suite, which made possible communication of computers and heterogeneous machines through a series of physical and logical layers. Packet switching network and TCP/IP were later chosen by the military project ARPANET. The rest of the story is widely known: in 1983, ARPANET became available to universities and research centers, among which NSFNET (National Science Foundation + NET), which finally gave birth to the Internet.

In the latest years, the importance of the Internet has been constantly growing. The high flexibility given by the TCP/IP suite and the ISO/OSI protocols provide a strong foundation on which communication among devices of different kind — be it a laptop or a cell phone, an iPod or a GPS navigator — has finally been made simple and easy to achieve.

History of  PC Display

The beginning

The first ever widely used display technology was the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). The main concept was based on a negatively-charged cathode, an electron gun and a screen coated with a grid of phosphor dots. The electron gun shot electrons down the tube and the phosphorus would glow when struck by the electron beam. As the number of phosphor dots on the screen is limited, discretization was necessary in order to display images on the screen. This discretization was accomplished taking in consideration the number of pixels the screen has. Each pixel contains three phosphor dots of different color (Reed, Green and Blue) which, if combined, could reproduce (with a certain degree of approximation) any real life color. This is not to say that the first CRT monitors were color displays. They were actually monochrome units that had very low resolutions. The low resolution was a result of the high manufacturing cost and the composite interface used for PC connection. Ferdinand Braun, a German physicist, was the inventor of the CRT (in 1897) and, even if it may be difficult to imagine nowadays, the shape of the display was not flat. This was mainly due to the early technology used in the design. The problem was that the electron beam was altered by magnetic deflection (a varying magnetic field generated by coils) in order for the rectangular image to fit on a non-flat surface. As a side note, I don’t know how many of you ever wondered what was the true meaning of the screensaver. I know that nowadays its main goal is to allow computer users to relax using some kind of animation or even an image slide show, but the name itself surely suggests otherwise. In fact its first meaning was to “save” the screen. The thing is that the phosphor in CRT screens becomes less bright with time. So, after a few years of displaying the Windows desktop, if a full screen picture was displayed on the device, users could observe an imprint of the taskbar on the bottom of the screen. To solve this problem, the screensaver was introduced. It would display a random animation used to regulate phosphorus usage so that no part of the screen would display a static image for an extended period of time.

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History of Internet

The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line’s circuit switching was inadequate. Kleinrock’s packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet.

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